![]() ![]() PET scans have shown an increase in blood flow to the parahippocampal gyri, beginning with the right parahippocampal gyrus. Panic attacks are brief spontaneously recurrent episodes of terror that generate a sense of impending disaster without a clearly identifiable cause. In its extreme form irritative lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy can cause a panic attack. Irritative lesions of temporal lobe epilepsy have the effect of stimulating the amygdala. Stimulation of the amygdala causes intense emotion, such as aggression or fear. The central nucleus of the amygdala also produces conscious perception of emotion primarily through the ventral amygdalofugal output pathway to the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and prefrontal cortex. The central nucleus of the amygdala produces autonomic components of emotion (e.g., changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration) primarily through output pathways to the lateral hypothalamus and brain stem. The stria terminalis also projects to the habenula, which is part of the epithalamus. ![]() Just as in the case of the two hippocampi communicating with each other through the anterior commissure, the two amygdala communicate with each other through the anterior commissure. Whereas the postcommissural branch of the fornix projects to mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, the postcommissural branch of the stria terminalis projects to the lateral nucleus and ventral-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus.Īs with the fornix, some fibers enter anterior commissure cross to the contralateral side. The postcommissural branch goes to the hypothalamus. The precommissural branch goes to the septal area. Like the fornix, the stria terminalis has precommissural and postcommissural branches in relation to the anterior commissure.
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